The following policies apply to the Ethiopian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences. Please read these policies in full before submitting your article, to ensure you’ve correctly followed all the requirements.

Open Access & Licensing

All articles are freely accessible immediately upon publication. EJHBS operates under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. This allows others to distribute, remix, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation.

Editorial Independence & Diversity

While hosted at the University of Gondar, EJHBS is an independent scholarly forum.

Global Representation: Our Editorial Board includes international experts from the USA, Germany, Australia, Trinidad and Tobago, India, Bangladesh, Rwanda, and Ethiopia.

Independent Oversight: To ensure neutrality, manuscripts submitted by Editorial Board members or University of Gondar staff are managed by external/guest editors. The Editor-in-Chief does not participate in the review process for their own submissions.

Peer Review Neutrality Protocol (The "Firewall")

To maintain the highest standards of objectivity and prevent institutional bias, EJHBS implements a strict "Firewall" protocol for manuscripts submitted by authors affiliated with our host institution (University of Gondar) or by members of the Editorial Board.

Management of Internal Submissions

Manuscripts submitted by authors from the host university undergo a rigorous neutrality workflow:

External Assignment: Every "internal" submission is assigned to a Section Editor or Guest Editor from an external organization to manage the review process.
Independent Review Mandate: Each manuscript must be evaluated by at least two independent reviewers who have no affiliation with the host institution.
Local Reviewer Restriction: Reviewers from the University of Gondar may only be used as a third, supplementary opinion if the subject matter is highly specialized, and they must have no departmental or collaborative ties to the authors.

2. Board Member Submissions

When the Editor-in-Chief, an Associate Editor, or an Editorial Board member submits a paper:

Recusal: The submitting editor is strictly prohibited from accessing the manuscript’s progress, reviewer identities, or editorial comments within the submission system.
Independent Oversight: The final editorial decision is delegated to an International Advisory Board member or an external Guest Editor.
Transparency: All published articles by board members include a disclosure statement confirming that the paper was handled independently of the author’s editorial role.

Manuscript Submission

As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines. The submission has not been previously published, nor submitted before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor). Ensure your paper is blind for review. That is, remove author and institution information from the cover page as well as from the acknowledgments section. However, in a separate word document, please make sure to submit the cover page including the Authors' details (e.g., Title, name of each author in order of their contribution, Affiliation, email addresses of each author, and name of the corresponding author).

The submission file should be in Microsoft Word. The text shall be 1.5 spaced; 12-point font; Times New Roman; and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end. The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.

The corresponding author should submit a signed covering letter along with the submitted manuscript. In the cover letter, the author should indicate the title of the manuscript, explanation of any conflict of interest, justifications of submission to EJHBS, a statement that submission is sole to this journal, novelty, and research highlights. The Journal accepts manuscripts submitted through the online submission system. The Journal also accepts manuscripts submitted by e-mail to ejhbs@uog.edu.et. Manuscripts in English are accepted. Authors who are unsure of proper English usage should have their manuscripts checked by someone proficient in English. Prior to starting the peer review process, each manuscript will be reviewed by the editor-in-chief or section editors or guest editors’ referees for its acceptability in terms of scientific quality and originality. The Journal reserves the privilege of returning the manuscript to the author for revision to make it suitable for publication in the journal.

Peer Review & Appeals Process

EJHBS utilizes a double-blind peer review system (neither authors nor reviewers know each other's identities).

Timelines: Initial triage takes 1 week; the review process takes approximately 4–6 weeks.

Appeals: Authors have the right to appeal a rejection. Formal appeals must be sent to the Editor-in-Chief within 14 days, providing a detailed scientific rebuttal. The journal may seek a third independent opinion for contested cases.

Research Integrity & Plagiarism

The EJHBS maintains a zero-tolerance policy regarding plagiarism. We are committed to ensuring that all published work is original and properly attributed.

Current review process: Until our automated screening system is fully integrated, EJHBS employs a rigorous manual verification process:

Editorial triage: Section Editors perform detailed searches of titles, abstracts, and key findings using global scholarly databases.
Peer reviewer vigilance: Our expert reviewers are specifically instructed to flag any suspected "text recycling" or uncredited use of data/ideas during the technical review.

Forthcoming enhancements: The journal is actively transitioning to automated plagiarism detection software. This transition will allow us to:

Generate objective Similarity Reports for every submission.
Apply a 15% similarity threshold for preliminary screening, while maintaining human editorial oversight to distinguish between common terminology and actual plagiarism.

Ethical Guidance for Authors: We encourage all authors to consult the Elsevier Ethics in Research and Publication guidelines. Authors are responsible for ensuring that all verbatim text is in quotation marks with a clear citation, the work has not been published elsewhere in any language, and all data presented is original.

Ethics & Human Subjects

Research must comply with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent: Authors must state that informed consent was obtained for all participants.

IRB: Approval from a recognized Institutional Review Board (IRB) and a reference number must be provided in the Methods section.

Authorship

EJHBS adheres to the ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) criteria for authorship. All persons designated as authors must qualify for authorship by meeting all four of the following requirements:

Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
Final approval of the version to be published; AND
Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Contributors who do not meet all four criteria (such as those providing purely technical help, writing assistance, or general department supervision) should be listed in the Acknowledgments section. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all listed authors have approved the submission and any subsequent changes to the author list.

Citation Ethics and Integrity

Research articles submitted to EJHBS must be grounded in appropriate and relevant scholarly literature. Citations serve to credit original ideas and provide a verifiable evidence base for claims made within the manuscript.

Ethical Citation Requirements

Authors are required to adhere to the following standards when preparing their manuscripts:

Primary Source Integrity: Authors should cite the original research (primary source) rather than a review article that merely references the original work.
Accuracy and Verification: Authors must ensure all citations are accurate and that they have personally read and verified the content of every source cited.
Mandatory Attribution: Any statement relying on external facts, data, or theories must be supported by a clear citation.
Balanced Evidence: Authors should avoid using an excessive number of citations to support a single, well-established point.
Peer-Reviewed Priority: Priority should be given to sources that have undergone formal peer review; "grey literature" should be used sparingly and only when necessary.

Prohibition of Citation Manipulation

EJHBS maintains strict oversight to prevent the artificial inflation of metrics. The following practices are considered unacceptable:

Excessive Self-Citation: Citing one’s own previous work when it is not essential to the current study.
Gratuitous Journal Citation: Unnecessary citation of articles previously published in EJHBS solely to increase the journal's impact factor.
Cronyism: Preferential citation of work by friends, peers, or colleagues from the same institution to provide an unfair advantage.
Coercive Citation: It is strictly prohibited for editors or peer reviewers to suggest that authors include citations to the editor/reviewer’s own work (or the journal’s work) as a condition of acceptance. Any such attempts should be reported immediately to the Editor-in-Chief.

Citation Cartels

Any coordinated effort between groups of authors or journals to collectively cite each other’s work to manipulate citation data is a violation of publication ethics and will result in immediate rejection or retraction.

Confidentiality

All manuscripts submitted to EJHBS are treated as highly confidential documents.

Editorial Staff: Will not disclose any information about a manuscript to anyone other than the authors, reviewers, and potential reviewers.
Reviewers: Must treat the peer-review process as strictly confidential. They may not share, discuss, or use any data or ideas from the unpublished manuscript for their own benefit or that of a third party.
Breach Policy: Any breach of confidentiality will be investigated and handled according to COPE guidelines.

Disclosure and Editorial Conflict of Interest

Transparency is fundamental to our editorial independence.

Author Disclosure: All authors must submit a Conflict of Interest (COI) form during submission.
Reviewer/Editor Disclosure: Peer reviewers and editors must recuse themselves if they have a financial, personal, or institutional conflict with the authors.
Board Submissions: When the Editor-in-Chief, an Associate Editor, or a Board Member submits a manuscript, the entire editorial and review process is managed by an independent guest editor or a board member from an external institution. These manuscripts are subjected to the same rigorous double-blind peer review as all other submissions.

Disclaimer and Final Decision

The views and opinions expressed in published articles are solely those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of EJHBS or the University of Gondar.

Responsibility: Authors retain full responsibility for the scientific accuracy, proofreading, and legal originality of their work.
Finality: While EJHBS uses a double-blind peer review system to inform decisions, the final decision for publication rests with the Editor-in-Chief based on the reviewers' recommendations and the manuscript's alignment with the journal's quality standards.

Author Conflict of Interest (COI)

Authors must disclose all financial, personal, or institutional relationships that could be perceived as influencing their research.

Reviewers: Must recuse themselves if they have a conflict with the authors.

Disclosure: All articles will publish a "Competing Interests" statement. Failure to disclose may result in article retraction.

Conflict of Interest: Reviewers and Editors

To ensure an unbiased review process:

Recusal: Editors and reviewers must recuse themselves if they have a financial, personal, or professional connection to the authors or the research that could impair their objectivity.
Institutional Bias: Reviewers will not be assigned to manuscripts from their own department or institution.
Disclosure: If a reviewer/editor has a potential conflict but believes it does not impair their judgment, they must disclose it to the Editor-in-Chief, who will decide whether they can proceed.

Privacy Statement

The EJHBS is committed to protecting the privacy and personal data of our registered users, including authors, reviewers, and readers.

Data Collection and Usage

Data collected through our online system is limited to information necessary for the standard functioning of a peer-reviewed journal. This includes:

Contact Information: Names, email addresses, affiliations, and physical addresses to facilitate the editorial process.
Academic Profiles: Educational status, publication history, and areas of expertise to ensure appropriate reviewer matching.
Aggregated Data: Non-identifiable data used to track submission trends and improve journal performance.

Data Protection and Disclosure

EJHBS will not disclose your personal data to any third party without your explicit consent, except as required for the technical operation of the journal or by law. We implement industry-standard safeguards to protect your information within our system.

Researcher Responsibility

While EJHBS safeguards user data, authors are solely responsible for the protection and anonymization of any human subject data contained within their research reports. All manuscripts involving human participants must comply with ethical standards regarding data privacy and informed consent.

Article Processing Charges (APC)

EJHBS is a Platinum Open Access journal. This means:

No Fees for Authors: We do not charge any submission fees, editorial processing fees, or article processing charges (APCs).
No Fees for Readers: All articles are freely available to the public immediately upon publication.

This model is made possible through the exclusive financial support of the University of Gondar. Our goal is to remove financial barriers to the dissemination of high-quality health and biomedical research in Ethiopia and the wider international community.

Special Issues

EJHBS publishes both regular and Special Issue volumes. Special Issues focus on specific, high-priority research themes, such as large-scale implementation trials or regional health crises, to provide a concentrated resource for the international community.

Authors and Guest Editors should note that the same rigorous criteria for quality, originality, and significance apply to Special Issues as to regular issues.

Selection and Approval

All Special Issues must receive initial approval from the Editorial Board. The Editor-in-Chief (EiC) is responsible for the formal Call for Papers and the appointment of Guest Editors. Guest Editors are selected based on their technical expertise in the specific theme of the issue.

Authorship and Transparency

In cases where a Special Issue represents the output of a large-scale research consortium or a coordinated national project:

Principal Investigators (PIs): A PI or Senior Lead may appear as a co-author on multiple articles within the issue if they meet all ICMJE authorship criteria for each paper.
Disclosure: In such instances, the journal will include an Editorial Introduction explaining the collaborative structure of the project to ensure transparency regarding repeat authorship.
Citation Ethics: Authors must avoid excessive self-citation or citation manipulation within the thematic issue.

Review Process and Editorial Independence

To ensure complete editorial independence and avoid conflicts of interest (especially when Guest Editors or PIs are contributing authors):

Independent Review: All papers undergo the standard double-blind peer review by at least two independent external experts who are not affiliated with the research consortium or the host institution.
Final Approval: While Guest Editors manage the initial review workflow, the final decision for acceptance or rejection for every paper rests solely with the Editor-in-Chief.
Triage: The EiC reserves the right to reject submissions before peer review if they do not meet the journal’s standards for quality or international relevance.

Composition and Timetable

Volume: A typical Special Issue comprises 6–10 articles.
Deadlines: To maintain a consistent publication schedule, authors must adhere to strict deadlines for submission and revisions. Manuscripts that miss these deadlines may be moved to a regular issue to avoid delaying the entire volume.

5. Manuscript Preparation

Authors must follow the standard Author Guidelines of EJHBS, ensuring that all ethical clearances, data availability statements, and conflict of interest disclosures are provided.

Language Editing Services

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts are written in high-quality, scientifically accurate English. Clear communication is essential for the peer-review process.

Pre-submission: Authors are strongly encouraged to have their manuscripts reviewed by a native English speaker or a professional editing service before submission.
Post-selection: For manuscripts that have been formally selected for publication, EJHBS may provide complimentary professional language polishing and technical editing to ensure the final article meets international publication standards.

Research Misconduct and Investigations

EJHBS upholds the highest standards of research integrity. All submissions must be free from:

Fabrication: Making up data or results.
Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing/omitting data such that the research is not accurately represented.
Plagiarism: Appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

Investigation Process: Suspected cases of misconduct will be investigated following COPE flowcharts. If evidence of misconduct is found:

The manuscript will be immediately rejected or retracted.
The journal reserves the right to formally notify the authors’ home institutions and/or funding bodies.
The authors may be banned from future submissions to EJHBS for a period determined by the Editorial Board.

Acknowledgments

Individuals who contributed to the work but do not meet the four ICMJE criteria for authorship must be listed in the Acknowledgments. This includes:

Providers of technical or laboratory support.
Writing, editing, or proofreading assistants.
Departmental chairs who provided only general supervision or funding.
Study participants (acknowledging their contribution to the data). Note: Authors must obtain written permission from everyone named in the Acknowledgment section, as readers may infer their endorsement of the data.

Changes in Authorship

The EJHBS follows the COPE guidelines regarding changes to authorship. To prevent "ghost," "guest," or "gift" authorship, the journal maintains a strict policy once a manuscript has been submitted.

Requests Before Publication

Any request to add, remove, or rearrange author names must be sent to the Editorial Office before the manuscript is accepted. The corresponding author must provide:

A clear explanation for the change in the author list.
Written confirmation (email or signed letter) from ALL authors stating that they agree with the addition, removal, or rearrangement. In the case of adding or removing an author, confirmation from the author being added or removed is also mandatory.

Requests After Publication

Requests for authorship changes after an article has been published will only be considered in exceptional circumstances (e.g., a genuine technical error). Such changes will be handled via a formal Correction (Corrigendum) notice linked to the original article.

Authorship Disputes

If an authorship dispute arises (e.g., an author claims they were unfairly left off a paper or included without consent), the journal follows these procedures:

Suspension of Processing: The peer review or publication process will be suspended until the dispute is resolved.
No Mediation: EJHBS does not mediate authorship disputes. The authors are required to resolve the matter themselves or through their respective institutional research integrity offices.
Institutional Resolution: The journal requires a formal letter from the authors' institution(s) confirming the final, agreed-upon author list before the manuscript can proceed.

Corrections and Retractions

To maintain the integrity of the scientific record, EJHBS handles post-publication changes as follows:

Corrections (Errata/Corrigenda): Used for minor errors that do not undermine the scientific results (e.g., a typo in an author's name or a labeling error in a figure). A correction notice will be linked to the original article.
Retractions: In line with COPE retraction guidelines, an article will be retracted if:
The findings are unreliable due to major error or misconduct.
The work has been previously published without proper attribution.
It constitutes redundant publication or contains unethical research.
Transparency: Retracted articles will remain in the public domain but will be clearly watermarked "RETRACTED" and accompanied by a statement explaining the reason for the retraction.

Author Responsibilities

During manuscript submission, authors are required to complete the online form, disclose any competing interests, and acknowledge all funding sources supporting the work. The corresponding author must ensure that all authors have disclosed any competing interests.

Editor and Reviewer Responsibilities

To maintain editorial integrity and public trust in the research we publish, all members of the editorial process must adhere to strict conflict of interest (COI) protocols.

Disclosure: Upon receiving an invitation to evaluate or manage a manuscript, reviewers and editors must immediately disclose any financial, personal, or professional associations that could be perceived as a competing interest.
Recusal: Referees and editors must recuse themselves if a COI prevents an impartial scientific judgment. This includes cases where there is a recent history of collaboration, a mentor/mentee relationship, or a shared institutional department with the authors.
Editorial Discretion: If a minor COI is disclosed but the individual believes it will not impair their judgment, the Editor-in-Chief will make the final determination on whether they may proceed.

Organization and Operation

The EJHBS is headquartered at the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar. The journal is governed by a robust organizational structure designed to ensure editorial independence and administrative efficiency.

Leadership Structure

Editor-in-Chief (EiC): Responsible for final editorial decisions and strategic direction.
Editorial Office Team: Comprised of the EiC, Associate Editors, Managing Editor, and Editorial Officer, overseeing day-to-day operations.
Editorial & Advisory Boards: A diverse group of national and international experts who provide peer-review oversight and technical guidance.

Office Duties and Meetings

The Editorial Office is equipped with modern communication facilities and industry-standard software for manuscript management and plagiarism detection.

Regular Sessions: The Editorial Board holds ordinary meetings once per month.
Extraordinary Sessions: Convened by the EiC as needed for urgent policy updates or ethical investigations

Finance and Financial Management

EJHBS operates under a sustainable financial model supported by the University of Gondar, ensuring that research remains accessible to all.

Institutional Support: The University of Gondar covers all core operational costs, including resource allocation, office facilities, and publication expenses.
Open Access Funding: Because the university supports the journal, we can waive all Article Processing Charges (APCs) for authors.
Diversified Revenue: The Editorial Board may establish secondary income-generating projects (such as subscriptions for print copies or fundraising activities), provided they do not conflict with the journal’s fundamental scientific objectives.
Auditing and Oversight: To ensure transparency, internal financial audits are conducted every 6 months. Reports are submitted to the College Council via the College Finance Office for ratification.

Legal Matters and Governance

The Ethiopian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences (EJHBS) operates as a formal scholarly entity under the auspices of the University of Gondar, governed by the following legal and administrative principles:

Regulatory Compliance

The Journal and all associated publications are produced in strict accordance with the prevailing laws and regulations of Ethiopia. This includes compliance with national intellectual property laws, data protection regulations, and media guidelines.

Editorial Authority and Accountability

To ensure the integrity and legal standing of the journal:

Final Approval: All official documents, published manuscripts, and formal instruments in writing must receive the final approval of the Editor-in-Chief.
Liability: While the University provides the infrastructure, authors remain legally responsible for the content of their work, including the accuracy of data and the absence of libelous or infringing material.

Fiscal Transparency and Auditing

EJHBS maintains a commitment to financial accountability as a public-service scholarly platform:

Access to Records: In accordance with university policy, the appointed Auditor shall have full, unrestricted access to all financial papers, transaction records, and budgetary documents related to the Journal’s operations.
Regular Reporting: Financial health and resource allocation are reviewed biannually to ensure the sustainability of our Platinum Open Access model.

Dispute Resolution

Any legal disputes arising from publication activities shall be handled through the legal office of the University of Gondar in coordination with the Editorial Board, following the guidelines provided by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for international scholarly disputes.

Author Guidelines

Ethiopian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences (EJHBS) publishes works dealing with basic and applied research in the areas of health and biomedical sciences. The following types of publications are included:

Original articles,
Brief communications,
Reviews,
Case report,
Protocols, and
Letters to the editor.

In principle, a review article should not generally exceed 6000 words, and an original research article should also not exceed 4000 words, including the abstract, tables, references, and other appendices. Short/brief communication and a case report should not exceed 2000 words, including abstract, tables, and references. Letters should be brief and to the point; tables can be included, but graphs and illustrations will not normally be used. References must be kept to a minimum.

Submission

Manuscripts should be submitted through the online submission system. The Journal also accepts manuscripts submitted by e-mail to EJHBS@uog.edu.et. The corresponding author should indicate the following in a covering letter:

the manuscript is being submitted for consideration for publication.
a manuscript with substantially the same content has not been submitted or published elsewhere.
all the authors have made contributions to the study described in the manuscript and are responsible for its content.
that all authors have approved the final manuscript.

Language

Manuscripts in English are accepted. Authors who are unsure of proper English usage should have their manuscripts checked by someone proficient in English. The authors should read the journal polices and instructions and strictly follow them before submitting their manuscript.

Form of Manuscript

Manuscripts should be prepared as Microsoft-word documents in Times New Roman (font size 12) on A4 size leaving the margins of 1 inch on all four sides in a single column. The line spacing should be one and a half –spaced (1.5) including references and tables. Tables and Figures should be in their respective position in the manuscript with the title of Table/Legends of Figure.

Manuscripts should be written concisely: All pages must be numbered consecutively. Manuscripts of original reports are divided into the following sections in this order: Title page, including the title, the author(s) affiliation(s), and corresponding author, Abstract, Key Words, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, Declarations, and References. The Review, Short Communications, protocols should follow the standard method as a requirement.

Title Page

The title should contain the fewest words that adequately describe the work. The authors' names should be typed in full. The department and institution where the investigation was made, including the complete postal address, should be named. The telephone number, fax number, and E-mail address (if available) of the corresponding author should be indicated.

Abstract

Manuscripts of original papers must begin with a structured abstract of not more than 300 words. It should state the background and purposes of the study or investigation; materials and methods (basic procedures on the selection of study subjects; observational and analytical methods); results (main findings); and conclusions.

Keywords

Below the abstract, 3 to 5 keywords or short phrases that should be sufficient to describe the content of the text should be provided.

Introduction

The introduction outlines the purpose, scope, and methods of the investigation and its relation to other work in the same field.

Methods

This section should clearly describe the selection of the observational subjects; the methods, apparatus (names and addresses of manufacturers in parenthesis), and procedures; references to established methods; references and brief descriptions for methods that have been published but are not well-known. When possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence interval). When reporting experiments on human subjects, indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or the country.

Results

Present the results of your study in logical sequence in the text, tables, and illustrations. Do not repeat in the text all data in the tables or illustrations, or both: emphasize or summarize only important observations.

Discussion

Emphasize the new and important aspects of the study and conclusions that follow from them. Highlight the important/major findings first, then highlight the less-important findings. Do not repeat in detail data or other material given in the Introduction section or the Results section. Include in the Discussion section the implications of the findings and their limitations, including implications for future research. Relate the observations to other relevant studies. Link the conclusions with the goals of the study, but avoid unqualified statements and conclusions not completely supported by your data. Avoid claiming priority and alluding to work that has not been completed. State new hypotheses when warranted, but clearly label them as such. Recommendations, when appropriate, may be included.

Acknowledgments

One or more statement(s) should specify:

contributions that need acknowledging but do not justify authorship, such as general support by a departmental chairman.
acknowledgments of technical help.
acknowledgments of financial and material support, specifying the nature of support.
financial or other relationships that may pose a conflict of interest.

Tables and Figures

All tabular materials, flow charts, etc. should be typed on separate pages of the same size as the text and should be intelligible by themselves without reference to the text. Headings should be concise, clearly present the subject matter. Footnotes to the tables should be placed below the table and designated by superscripts 1, 2, 3... Graphs, diagrams, drawings, and photographs are considered figures. The original drawings should be no larger than 16 x 22 cm with a resolution of 300 dpi. All drawings must be made with black drawing ink on tracing paper suitable for direct photocopy. Either the original or glossy prints thereof are acceptable. Photographs should be sharp glossy prints with high contrast, and three sets of such prints should be submitted. Tables and figures should be numbered with Arabic numerals, respectively, in the order of appearance in the text. They should be cited in the text as, for example, Table 3 or Figure 3.

Abbreviations and Symbols

Only standard abbreviations should be used. Abbreviations of biological terms, such as culture media, reagents, or laboratory methods, should not be used unless they are well established, or they are of advantage to the reader. Such abbreviations should be defined on their first appearance in the text.

Biological Nomenclature

Scientific names of animals, plants, and microorganisms should be in accordance with the International Codes. The scientific names in the manuscript should be in italics. The generic name is written in full in the title, on its first appearance in the text, and in the summary. Elsewhere, the initial letter of the generic name may be used if no confusion results.

Chemical Nomenclature

The nomenclature of chemical compounds should agree with indexes of Chemical Abstracts.

References

References should be cited by number in parentheses in the text in order of their appearance and listed in numerical order at the end of the manuscript. List all names of authors. References to journals and books should follow “Vancouver Style” and be written as in the following examples:

Kassu A, Fujino F, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Ota F, Sugiura. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in antiretroviral naïve patients in north Ethiopia. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 2007; 23: 564-568.
Zhang Y, Telenti A. Genetics of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. p. 235-253. In Hatfull G F, Jacob WR, (ed.), Molecular Genetics of Mycobacteria, 2000, ASM Press, Washington, D. C.
Assefa S, Berhan W. Health laboratory quality assurance, 2007, Master Printing Press, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Unpublished Data

Unpublished data or personal communications should not be included in the reference list but may be cited in the text, with permission for personal communications.

Short/Brief Communications

Papers in the brief form will be printed in Short/Brief Communications. They should not exceed ten double-spaced pages including figures and tables. Subdivisions of the text by headings should be avoided except for Abstract and References.

Reviews

The Review is intended to review articles dealing with current as well as historical progress made in research and policymaking in health and biomedical sciences. Teaching articles and reviews may be submitted by invitation of the editorial board.

Case Report

Papers dealing with specific clinical observations will be considered and published as case reports.

Letter to the Editor

A letter will provide opinions concerning the articles published in EJHBS. The authors of the original articles will be invited to respond to the letters commenting on their manuscripts. The letter should state the title of the article and the volume and number in which the article was published. Letters should not be divided into sections, nor should they contain a summary, figures, or tables. References (not more than 5) may be included.

Editorial Policies